Period+9+Eastern+European

Polish "first arrived in Pittsburgh in 1885"

 * Demographics:
 * Had a High school education – 56%
 * Had a form of College education – 44%
 * Most skills were related to farming.
 * Eighty percent of all Polish immigrants in that time were people from rural areas without any industrial experience. They usually obtained jobs as unskilled, low paid workers in various branches of industry.
 * Why they immigrated?
 * Around 1900, 8.7 million people arrived in the United States. The culmination of this immigration was in the years of the great economic depression at the end of the 1920s, which affected most of the European countries and the United States, as well. These newcomers were highly motivated to go abroad. They searched for acceptable conditions to live and earn money.
 * Due to religious persecution, disease, and an oppurtunity to provide for their families, the Poles arrived in Pittsburgh to eventually create communities that they could live in without worries.
 * How did they influence Pittsburgh?
 * They founded many fraternal organizations, built churches, organized parochial school, published newspapers, etc. All these activities had similar goals: to offer first aid to new immigrants; to act as a protective shield against all sorts of abuses and discrimination; to make new immigrants feel more at home by sharing the same language and cultural heritage.
 * But apart from these practical purposes, the overriding reason for the formation of most of the organizations was to maintain a national identity and to work for the restoration of a "Free Poland"
 * *The Immaculate Heart of Mary parish grew from 493 families in 1896 to 1,000 families in 1922, and to 1,350 families in 1945
 * Because Poles sought a stable home away from the smoke, soot,and bustle ofthe Pittsburgh vally, people migrated up the steep slopes to create Polish Hill
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Their roots firmly entrenched in Polskie Gory (Polish Hill); the settlers placed utmost importance on passing on their Eastern European values to the next generation; today the Polish community is scattered in many other neighborhoods
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">How did they influence your contemporary world?
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The Poles mainly influenced our current society through their culture. We have many different foods today, like pierogi, and kielbasa, due to Polish immigration. Many cities throughout the country have large Polish communities. For example, Chicago has the second largest Polish concentration in the world.
 * ===<span style="color: #f91010; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">For more information: [|Polish Immigrants] ===

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Greek : There are over seven Greek Orthodox Churches in the Heart of the city of Pittsburgh. The Greeks still remain very active within the community, which is apparent in the region's numerous associations, such as the Pan-Cretan Association, AHEPA, as well as GOYA and YAM for young adults. GOYA stands for Greek Orthodox Youth of America and is a way for kids ranging from seventh to twelfth grade to learn more about their faith. YAM is an association for young adults who are in or out of college and it is a way for them to stay connected with the Greek community.
 * Pittsburgh is home to one of the largest Greek communities within the United States
 * There is close to 40,000 people identifying themselves as having Greek ancestry.
 * Most immigrated to Pittsburgh between 1930-1960, so most are 2nd, 3rd, and 4th generation Greek-Americans.
 * The effect of Immigration today: **

For more information follow the link: []



Croatia: “ significantly began to arrive in Pittsburgh in 1890” · Demographics: o Pennsylvania’s Croatian Population: 50,350 o 1880 population estimate: 20,000 · Why did they immigrate? o Like other immigrants of that period, they migrated to find employment. Many of them, mostly single young men but, often, married men with or without their families, settled in small towns in Pennsylvania and New York as coal miners or steelworkers. Many also settled in factory towns and farming areas in Midwestern states such as Wisconsin, Minnesota, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa. For most of the single men, the stay was only temporary. Once they had saved enough money, many Croatian men returned to Croatia.


 * How did they influence Pittsburgh?
 * George Prpic states that there were around 3000 organizations founded between 1880 and 1940 in the United States. Croatians first started founding charitable, cultural, educational, religious, business, political, sporting or athletic organizations. All these organizations were firmly rooted in the settlement where they were initiated.
 * Moreover, most of them did not speak English and had low paid jobs, which created an inferiority complex as well. Therefore, they found security within an organization of their own ethnic group.
 * Another special type of gathering was happening around tamburica, which was often among the necessary items that a person from Croatia took to America. Their unique music and dance style The **Duquesne University Tamburitzans** are the longest-running multicultural song and dance company in the United States. The Tamburitzans were created in 1937 by Dr. A. Lester Pierce, who brought his "Slavonic Tamburitza Orchestra" from St, Edward's Universitiy in Austin, Texas to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania where the group was well received by the region's diverse ethnic communities
 * The Croatians formed churches in Pittsburgh like the well-known Saint Nicholas Church in Millvale with hand-painted murals.

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<span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 140%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Hungarian : <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">"first arrived in Pittsburgh in 1880 "===== [|Life of an Immigrant]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">﻿ Demographics
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">In 1870-1914 -- 556,439 immigrants arrived
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">In 1921-1941 -- 25,000 immigrants arrived
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The average age was 45 years
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The average length of residence was 22 year
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Why they immigrated?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">There were economic and social developments in Hungary that caused many to immigrate to the United State, and thus to Pittsburgh.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 failed to establish independence and freedom from Austria; therefore, Hungarians started to immigrate in the 1880s. Several hundred Hungarian officers immigrated a couple of years after the revolution; also, peasant farmers were losing profits on their farms due to industrialization causing them to move in the 1880s
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">How they influence Pittsburgh?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">They settled near prospective places of employment, tending to form small residential communities based on religious and regional attachments.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The ebb and flow of immigrants depended on the amount of jobs available in the region, especially in coal mining areas and steel working areas
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Two main Hungarian settlements: McKeesport and Hazelwood. And within Allegheny county, Homestead and Duquesne, due to the steel mills[[image:Hungarian_American_Steelworker.jpg width="165" height="166" caption="Hungarian Steelworker"]] that provided jobs. *Most serious problem was the lack of unemployment*
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">How did they influence your contemporary world?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Cultural foods: goulash, stuffed cabbage, chicken paprikash, paprika
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Famous Hungarians: Estee Lauder, Calvin Klein, Harry Houdini, and Drew Barrymore
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">19.9% of Pittsburgh population, effecting the cultural lives of us as students & our classmates